Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) is a common vestibular disorder characterized by brief episodes of dizziness or vertigo that occur with specific changes in head position. BPPV is typically caused by the displacement of tiny calcium carbonate crystals, called otoconia, within the inner ear's semicircular canals. When these crystals become dislodged, they interfere with the normal fluid movement in the inner ear, leading to false signals about the body's position and movement, resulting in a spinning sensation.

Vertigo, on the other hand, is a broader term that describes the sensation of spinning or dizziness, which can be caused by various conditions affecting the vestibular system, including BPPV, vestibular neuritis, Meniere's disease, and migraines. Symptoms of vertigo may include nausea, balance issues, and a sense of disorientation. Treatment for BPPV often involves specific maneuvers, such as the Epley maneuver, which aims to reposition the dislodged crystals, alongside physical therapy to improve balance and reduce symptoms.